Another significant step towards the origin of chess was found to be better after the invention by IGK2 (initiative group konigstein) during the year 1991. The members of the group looked up for the proper evidence and came with three different elements. They are 1) king, 2) soldiers/pawns 3) other pieces. It is clearly stated about the three elements that these are the stems from several sources and they are combined together, used up to date. This method has to be done by Silk Road merchants who had some experiences in merging with elements from several sources. It has been suggested that the king element and the behavior was selected from the Chinese style game, then the pawn/soldiers were selected from the Indian games and finally the other elements (bishop, horse, elephants) were selected from the astrological style methods. Some of the alternative moves by the other elements were purely selected from the TIC TAC TOE game…

It doesnt matters which theory is valid and which theory is selected for the origin of game but the way how it has accepted and spreading of the game alone is very important. The foremost predecessors of the chess game were started during the 6^th century AD. Then it has spread to Persia. The game was taken control by Muslim world as soon as the Arabs starting ruling Persia and it has crossed to the southern part of the European countries. Chess game was started in Europe to involve only from the 15^th century and during the 19^th century; the foremost chess championship tournament series was started (1886). There was a rapid change in the chess game as well as found to be great leaps towards the game during the 20^th century and world chess federation (FIDE) was started and still continued with it as well.

History of Christianity:

The name Christianity has been given to the Christians from the religious practice and humanity with the Jesus Christ. The history says that the Christianity religion has started during the 1^st AD itself. Bible plays an important role with the Christians and the main theme on the bible was about Jesus Christ being a son of god all the time. Christian populations are high when it is compared in the whole world with up to 1.5 billion followers. The foremost Christianity was started in Jerusalem during the 1^st century and slowly it started to spread in many places like Mesopotamia, Greece, turkey and Arab places etc. Then, by the 15^th century, that is on “age of exploration”, Christianity was found in all the parts of the world and now they are the largest religion in the world with millions of followers.

The whole history says that the Christianity religions had theological disputes as well as weathered schisms which resulted in several churches all over the world. The main branches as well as the largest branches regarding the churches are protestant, Roman Catholic Church and east orthodox church. As being said that Jesus Christ is a son of god was born to a women named Mary who is a Jewish during the 6-4 BC. He (Jesus Christ) was raised in the place called Galilee. It was been claimed further that at the age of 30, Jesus had started his ministry which also includes discipline recruitment. This alone regarded the statement to Jesus Christ that he is the son of god. Jesus Christ discipline recruitment lead all people in a smooth life and Pontius Pilate, the roman governor disliked Jesus activities and planned to kill him. Jesus was buried after some crucifixions and even at the time of his last breath, Jesus Christ prayed to apologize people who have involved in this activity. Hence initially he was been called as a son of god and after his death, all followers have started thinking Jesus Christ as a god and still they are doing this.

Apart from these two words, the foremost origin on tennis was started only on during 11^th or 12^th century. Tennis game was named as “Jeu de pauma” and this French word mean “game on the hand”. Many people have even argued that tennis has also been derived from the French word “tenez” and it mean “to take it” and hence it has been said that the game is being served by one player to other player on the other end.

Popularity towards the game began to bring innovation:

Later on, tennis game started to become very popular and many have started to play in the courts, self play with the help of walls etc. Playing this game with holding the racquet by bare hands was very uncomfortable with the people and glove has been invented to solve for this issue. Tennis ball was made with cork which is rapped with it or wad of hairs, wool, leathers etc. Game created interesting results and also it became very popular on the western side of the France and its near countries. Unfortunately, Louis (IV) and pope were not successful to ban the game. So, the game started spreading to England. Henry 3 as well as Henry 4 gave best for the promotional activities on spreading up the game.

A wooden frame type of racquet from the sheep gut was used very commonly from the year 1500 since the ball is made up of cork and weighed up to 2 to 3 ounces. All tennis courts which were used in early days are not similar as the lawn courts used in current days. Hampton court which is built in England during the year 1625 is still being used till date. The game is included in the indoor type which includes up to 4 players with a net in the middle of the court.

Aristophanes named Adam Sandler started this middle finger showing activity with an imagination of penis and making it as a crude joke. Even there was an argument from the anthropologists that the finger shall be the “phallic aggressive” variant gesture which was used by the primates. This activity was started using everywhere in all types of cultures due to geographic influence of Greco Roman civilization as well as Roman empire civilization.

Another origin of giving the middle finger/ gesture was found in the Mediterranean world during the first century where the digitus impudicus was found to be one of the several methods in diversion of this threat of all evil eyes. Giving the finger in the intension to insult others can be the one of violations in many places/ cultures but the origin of giving the middle finger was started before 2000 years itself. The main reason for which it made a banned activity because it alone threatens the opposite person but also makes them an intension in sexual inferior. Hence from this aspect, showing up the finger has become the universal sign of disrespect. However, it is not universal. In order to express to insult, several other signs also have been used in many parts of the world.

Even in one of the surveys says that majority of the adults are using “fuck-off”, “fuck you” etc in order to revert them back to insult. Some people do not use these words; instead they just show their middle finger with other fingers closed in the palm which exactly resembles like penis with gonads. Since the origin was 2000 years back, this activity became a common one and almost in all parts of the world, it is used in a different style. For example, in Russian culture, the concept is showing their bent elbow to others for insulting. In Canada, its being exposed by reverse “V” sign with fingers. Similarly, many other styles of gestures are being used.

In many countries, lot of names starting or ending with this Natalie name can be observed. Particularly, celebrities like actresses are very keen in changing their name with either in starting or end of their name. For example, Natalie Portman, Natalie wood, Natalie Cole etc. One of the surveys says that the name Natalie has been used in many people particularly females. The same survey says that during the year 2001, totally 82 people have named as Natalie. The highest ranking has been scored during the year 1991 with a total of 134 persons with the name Natalie. Some people feel very happy on being called their name with no reasons behind it.

Natalie is a name of a girl kid. This name is originated from the place Slovakia and the meaning for the name Natalie in Slovakia is meant by “being born from Natalia”. Even in many places, the reason for which the name is kept as Natalie is mainly because of its meaning. In many places, the meaning for Natalie is “cool, awesome as well as fantabulous girl”. Natalie wood, one of the famous American celebrities (actress) is also playing an important role for the popularity of the name. Another survey stated that the name Natalie has been used with approximately 22 people out of 1000. People who have their name as Natalie are telling that it is something amazing in being born on Christmas time as because the meaning is Christ birthday. Another advantage in having Natalie name is that their family members, friends as well as teachers love in calling the name.

Peter, my neeper

Had a wife

And he couldnt keep her

He pat her I the wa

And lat a mice eat her

Peter was been a poor man and he married an unfaithful women. It seems that his wife keep on cheating peter continuously and hence had a plan to stop all these from his wife. The solution for this comes with the chastity belt which is the pumpkin shell. Chastity belt can be said as the metal underwear (with pair) along with a lock as well as a key. Hence, no one can enter in to the womens private regions except the person who so ever has the key. So, that person will be peter (her husband).

After this, it resulted that all the above included words have adapted in the rhyme and thought in America. All these verses can also be said as the older rhyme themes of Eeper weeper. Some of the popular versions include the words on the rhyme is as follows:

Peter, peter pumpkin eater.

Had a wife but could not keep her.

He put her in a pumpkin shell

And he kept her very well there

Peter, peter pumpkin eater

Had another wife and did not love her

Peter learned to read and spell

And then he loved her very well.

From the above lyrics, it clearly says that the words refer to somebodys wifes murder. This rhyme has reached to British children only at a recent stage and only from this rhyme; childrens in the British places came to know what is meant by pumpkin. Even majority of the British populations have never tried eating pumpkin and even they are not aware of the vegetable pumpkin.

Almost majority of the people would have grown up by saying rhymes such as twinkle, twinkle little star, jack and Jill, peter, peter pumpkin eater etc. All these rhymes have been started with some of the historical events along with the gossips. Hence, still rhymes are learned and even today small kids are learning all these rhymes.

History and origin of Bossa nova:

Bossa Nova musical style was entirely involved from the samba but they are in lesser percussive and more in complex harmonically. The Bossa Nova foremost origin was from Rio De Janerio, upscale neighborhood in the Brazilian music history and sambas origin is from favelas in Rio. During the year 1956 in Brazil, the first Bossa Nova was developed and the first song of the Bossa Nova style is named as “Bim- bom”. Another reason for which the Bossa Nova style became very popular is because of the recording done by Elizite Cardoso which was composed by the young musician Antonio Carlos Jobim and the lyrics was written by Vincius de moraes. Then the songs were released by Gilberto.

The foremost film with the style of Bossa Nova music is named as Black Orpheus and the movie was released by Gilberto. This movie made a great move and attained its popularity throughout the Brazil. Then from Brazil, it reached to North America where North American jazz music directors had a chance in listening up to this music style. After Elizite Cardosos recording, another two young talented persons named Stan Getz as well as Charlie Byrds recording to the Bossa Nova style music was released and achieved its worldwide popularity during the year 1963. As it is noticed that the recording plays an important role for the popularity of the music, they have started to release more number of songs by the same year itself.

Later on during the early years of 1990s, several European artists also joined with the Bossa Nova style by just mixing certain music and naming them as techno bossa, bossa electrica etc. After attaining certain popularity with the style of this Brazilian music, the term Bossa Nova was simply called Bossa and several singers like Babel Gilberto, daughter of Gilberto etc got introduced. All these aspects made Bossa Nova to attain its popularity.

Then, since Persians are the greatest enemy to Greeks and found their pi value in a different way. That is (3*2) ^18 sides. With the help of this polygon, they found 2pi is approximately 6.28318 where 1 pi is 3.14159.

The symbol of the pi is represented as ?. This symbol was first represented by William Jones, a welsh mathematician during the year 1706. The symbol ? has become a most important symbol that is used in physics as well as in mathematical constants. Even several formulaes include ? symbol in engineering, science etc. ? can be said as an irrational number where it cant be expressed with fraction digits. For example, if x/y are two fractional numbers where x and y are called as integers. The decimal representation of the result has no end and it can be calculated with no end. It can also be said as a transcended numbers which mean that the numbers with no sequence of expressions like square root, powers and sums etc. This ? was the late achievement in the mathematics history and found only during the 19^th century. There were loads of efforts on determining the value of pi more accurately as well as acceptable criteria in all parts of the world.

Even in the United States of America, pi day is been celebrated on March 14^th each year and they are been followed in all schools by celebrating with pi symbol dish plates as well as a decimal symbol expressions appearing on it. To make it more special, Kate Bush released an album related with ? on November 7^th 2005 with the beginning word of “3.14” in the song. The album name is Aerial.

History and origin of pretzels:

The history says that the pretzels are used in several shapes as well as sizes in southern part of Germany during the early days of the year 1111. Later, in the 12^th century, hortus deliciarum from southern part of the German named Alsace (now this place is called as France) consists of the early depiction variety of the pretzels. In the 16^th century, the habit of eating pretzels on Good Friday was launched in Germany. Initially pretzels were just prepared with flour as well as water and was eaten with lent or Easters.

Another variety of the pretzels is known as classical pretzels and it consists of three holed shape. Each hole represent one thing and they are father, son as well as the Holy Spirit respectively. Pretzels were used to hide like how the eggs have been hided and they are used during the Easters, lent and other special days. Pretzels are first originated in the European country and later it has been spread to southern part of the Germany as well as Switzerland. Pretzels are sliced in several definite shapes and are eaten as well as sold in the name of butterbrezel. Pretzels are consumed as their breakfast with several varieties of other food items in the place called Bavaria.

Pretzels are the popular snack used in the United States of America. Even there too, pretzels are available in hard as well as soft. Hard pretzels are available with candy coated and also chocolate flavor added in order to attract consumers. Out of all varieties, chocolate coated hard pretzels are particularly famous that too during the Christmas time. In return, sales in pretzels are up to 550 million USD and in America alone, 80% of the people are having a habit of consuming pretzel.

Almost every culture has its own version of ball game in their history. Countries like Japan, China and Persia has evidence that shows their ancestors had a sport game that involved a ball. As early as 3000 years ago, people in China played their own football game. But the formal game of soccer started back in 1863 in England, whereby two football associations (the rugby football and association football) separated from one another and that is said to be the reason why football games forbid the players from handling the ball.

Football clubs are first found in England and has developed and expended to the extent where schools and the society had their own football clubs. In the 1960s, they have established a common set of rules for the game that is accepted by all the players.  They had international football games as early as 1872, before the other counties in Europe have heard of the game. FIFA (The Federation International de Football Association) was found in Paris, 1904 and it is the international football association that exists even until today. Currently, the board members consist of four members from FIFA and one member from each football association.

Today, this game is played internationally and has become one those events that attracts millions of people. During the football competition, millions of people would flood the stadiums to witness the game. And this is the brief introduction to the origin of soccer – the most popular sport in the world.